Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left.
Key points
（No.9 Middle School Cheng Zhifang）
一、语法
过去完成时
1. 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn’t
2. 用法:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。
3. 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
When I got there, you had already eaten your meal.
当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。
By the time he got here, the bus had left.
到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了。
二、重难点讲解
1．辨析：get to, arrive at/in与reach 表示“到达”
⑴get to /arrive in (at)/reach ＋地点名词（in 之后跟表示大地方的词，at之后跟表示小地方的词）。
I got to / arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday．
I reached Beijing the day before yesterday．
⑵get/arrive/reach+ here/home/there/upstairs(等副词)
How did you get / arrive there?
We reached here on foot．
⑶只说“到达”，而不指出到达哪里，则只能用arrive。例如：
When will you arrive?
2. by the time 直到…时候，指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间
如：By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper.
在我们到达他就已 经吃. 完了晚饭。
3．英语中表示“把某物遗忘在某处”常用 leave + 地点 ,而不是forget+地点 如： Unluckily, I left my book at home不幸的是，我把书忘在家里了。
4. on time 按时 准时 既不早也不迟 in time 及时 指在时限到来之前
5. close v. 关 =shut close the door
adv. 接近地 靠近地=near come very close
closed adj. 关的(反义词 open)
It’s cold outside. We must keep the window closed.
6. luckily adv. 幸运地 lucky adj. 幸运的 luck n. 好运
unluckily=unfortunately unlucky adj.
7. be late for 意为“……迟到”，for为介词，所以其后须跟名词。例如：
Don't be late for the meeting．开会别迟到了。
8. give sb. a ride 让某搭便车，如：
He often gives me a ride to school. 他经常让我搭便车去学校。
9. go off (闹钟)闹响 The alarm went off just now. 刚才警钟响了。
10. fool n. 傻子 呆子 v. 愚弄 欺骗 如： He is a fool. 他是一个呆子。
We can’t fool our teacher. 我们不能欺骗我们的教师。(动词)
11. show up 出现 出席 She didn’t show up last night. 昨晚她没有出现
12. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 如：
My friend invited me to watch TV. 我的朋友邀请我看电视。
invite sb. to... 邀请某人… I invited him to my party.我邀请他参加聚会。
13. 辨析dress, put on, wear, in
dress somebody给某人穿衣服/dress oneself 自己穿衣服/get dressed
put on 穿上衣服， It’s cold outside. Please put on your coat.
wear穿着衣服
Today he is wearing a yellow sweater.
in 穿着什么颜色的衣服 a girl in red/ a girl in a red skirt.
14. set off 激起 出发 set up 建立
15. ①so … that 如此…以致于，引导结果状语从句，so后面接形容词、副词.
②so that作“为了”时，引导目的状语从句，从句常出现情态动词，作结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用情态动词。如：She got up early so that she could catch the bus. 为了能赶上车，她起得很早。(目的状语从句)； She was so sad that she couldn’t say a word. 她悲伤得一句话也说不出来。(结果状语从句)
16. flee from从…逃跑，避开，如：
They fled from their home. 他们从他们的家里逃了出来。
17. thrill v . 使人非常激动，使人非常紧张
thrilled adj. 指某人感到激动或感到紧张
thrilling adj. 指某事物使人心情激动
18. convince v. 使信服 convincing adj. 令人信服的
19. a piece of 一片/块/张 如： a piece of paper/ bread 一张纸/ 一块面包
20. wait for sb．“等某人”，wait to do sth．“等着做某事”，wait for sb. to do sth．“等
某人做某事”, can't wait to do 迫不及待地做。。。例如：
Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁？
They can't wait to open the presents．他们迫不及待地打开礼物。
You can wait for him to help you．你可以等着他帮你。
21．come by “经过，走过；获得，获有”
come out 出来；开花；出版 come back 回来
come to oneself 苏醒，醒过来 come from 来自
22. make it 意为“成功了，做成了”。这里指的是没有迟到，准时到达。例如：
－Have you got the job? －你得到那份工作了吗？
－Yes, I have made it． －是的，我成功了。
23. marry “嫁，娶，结婚”。
表示“嫁给某人”或“娶了某人” 可以用marry sb.。
get married 意为“结婚”，但这是一个非延续性动词，即它不能跟表示一段时
间的词连用。be married 也可以用来表示“结婚”，它是一个延续性词组，可
以与表示一段时间的词连用。例如：
John is going to marry Jane
约翰要和简结婚了。
Henry didn't marry until he was over fifty．
亨利直到过了50岁才结婚。
When are you going to get married?
你准备什么时候结婚？
We have been married for ten years．
我们已经结婚十年了。
His uncle will get married next month．
三、重点短语
1.到…时候by the time 2.(闹钟)闹响go off； 3.跑掉;迅速离开run off
4.损坏break down 5.(突然)中断break off
5.(在)愚人节(on) April Fool's Day； 6.激起;引 起set off
7.一片,一块a piece of； 8.按时on time 及时in time
9.从…离开去…leave (from)…for …
把某物遗忘在某地leave sth. +介宾短语(表地点的)
忘记某人/某事forget sb /sth.
忘记去做…forget to do …
忘记已做了…forget doing …
9.在洗沐浴get in the shower
10.等待(某人)作…wait (for sb )to do …
11.出来;开花come out 实现come ture 从旁而过come by 来自…come/be from…
12.飞快冲了个 澡take/have a quick shower
13.给/让某人搭便车give/get sb. a ride =give /get a ride to sb.
14.给某人穿衣服dress sb；穿…衣服 be /get dressed (in +衣服)；化装;打扮dress up
15.熬夜stay /sit up (late)
16.给某人看某物show sb .sth.=show sth .to sb.； 带某人参观…show sb.around sth.； 卖弄…show off…； 出席，露面show up； 展览be on show =be on display
17.化妆舞会a costume party； 18.在地球着陆land on the earth
19.遍及全国across the whole country =all over the whole country
20.从…逃跑；避开…flee from…=run away from…(flee过去式为fled )
21.让某人嫁给某人ask sb .to marry sb.； 结婚get married
和…结婚 get /be married to …=marry …
22.在开学第一天on the first day of school
23.(向某人)打招呼say hello (to sb.)
24.醒来wake up 叫…醒来wake sb. up
25. 有一个很愉快的结局have a very happy ending
26.sth. happen to sb.某人发生了某事
四、[交际用语]
1．By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom．
2．By the time she went outside, the bus had already gone
3．By the time she got to class, the teacher had already started teaching．
4．When she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home
5．Have you ever overslept?
6．Have you ever been late for school?
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