Unit1 How do you study for a test
Key points
（No. 9 Middle School Song Qun）
1. “by”之方式知多少
1）“by＋v-ing形式”，用来表示“以、靠、借助、通过、用（某种方法或手段）”而达到某种预期的目的。例如：
His father makes a living by teaching. 他的父亲以教书为生。
2）“by＋交通工具”，用来表示交通方式。此时它与名词之间不用任何限定词。例如：Every day he goes there by train. 他每天坐火车去那里。
We shall go back by boat. 我们将乘船返回。
【拓展】
by 还可以表示：
1）意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。
如：有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。
Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake.
2）意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如：
Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。
How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?
到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？
3）用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如：
English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语”）
4）组成其它短语。
by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如：
By the way , where’s Li Ping? 顺便问一下，李平在哪儿？
by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。
如：I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。
by、in和with的区别
1) with表示“借助于某一具体的工具、材料或人体器官”。例如：
We work with our hands. 我们靠手工作。
He often writes with his left hand. 他经常用左手写字。
2) “in＋名词”表示“用某种方式、原料或语言”。例如：
They talked in a low voice. 他们低声谈话。
You should do your homework in ink. 你应该用钢笔做作业。
Can you express your idea in simple English?
你能用简单的英语表达你的想法吗?
2. afraid adj.害怕的；
常用短语：
①be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事
如：He is afraid to go alone. 他害怕一个人走路。
Don’t be afraid. Your mother is going to be back soon.
别害怕，你妈妈一会就回来。
②be afraid of sb. / sth.意为“害怕某人 / 某物” 例如：
The little girl is afraid of that black dog. 这个小女孩怕那只黑狗。
③be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事
I’m afraid of flying in the plane.我害怕坐飞机。
④I am afraid that（从句）意为“恐怕……”。 例如：
I’m afraid (that) he is ill. 恐怕他生病了。
⑤用于简略句中 如:
1）—Is it going to rain? —Yes, I’m afraid so.
2）—May I smoke here? —I’m afraid not.
3. unless conj. 如果不；除非。
在句中引导条件状语从句，相当于if...not，引导的从句常用一般现在时态表示将来意义。例如：
Unless it rains, the game will be played. 如果不下雨，比赛将照常进行。
I won’t let you in unless you show me your pass.
= I won’t let you in if you don’t show me your pass.
如果不把通行证拿给我看， 我不会让你进。
4. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论
talk to sb. = talk with sb. 与某人说话
如：The students often talk about movie after class.
She doesn’t like talk to/with others.
5. 表示提建议的句子：
①What/ how about +doing sth.?
②Why don’t you + do sth.?
③Why not + do sth. ?
④Let’s + do sth.
⑤You should + do sth.
⑥Could you please + do sth?
⑦Would you mind +doing sth?
⑧You’d better + do sth.
⑨Shall we/ I + do sth.?
6. a lot 许多 修饰动词，常位于动词之后
如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。
He knows a lot about Chinese history. 他对于中国历史了解很多。
a lot of= lots of 许多，修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。
如：There are a lot of flowers in the garden.花园里有许多花。
I have lots of homework to do. 我有很多作业要做。
7. too…to 太…而不能
常用句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth.
如：I’m too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。
同义句：①so+ adj./adv.+that从句
I’m so tired that I can’t say anything.
②not+ adj./adv.+enough+ to do sth.
I’m not strong enough to say anything.
8. aloud / loud / loudly的用法
三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。
①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大,常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级形式。
如: He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。
②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。
如: She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。
③loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。
如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。
9. ① end up doing sth 终止做某事，结束做某事 如：
The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。
② end up with sth. 以…结束 如：
The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。
10. ①make mistakes/ make a mistake 犯错
②make mistakes in sth/doing sth 在某方面出错
如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。
Don’t be afraid to make mistakes in learning English.学英语不要害怕犯错。
③mistake…for 把…误以为
I often mistake Jim for his brother. They look the same.
我经常错把吉姆当成他的哥哥，他们看起来几乎一模一样。
④by mistake 错误地
I answered the question by mistake. 我错误地回答了这道题。
11. make up 编造；组成、构成
The mother often makes up stories for her son.妈妈经常给她的儿子编故事。
12.Laugh at = make fun of 嘲笑；取笑
Don’t laugh at her.不要取笑她。
13. one of +(the+ 形容词比较级)+名词复数形式 …其中之一
如： She is one of the most popular teachers. 她是最受欢迎的教师之一。
14. It is +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事…
如：It’s difficult (for me ) to study English. 对于我来说学习英语太难了。
（句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是to study English）
注意比较：
sb find it is(要省略)+形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth 某人发觉做某事…
I find it difficult (for me ) to study English.
（句中的it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是to study English）
15. practice doing 练习做某事 如：
She often practices speaking English. 她经常练习说英语。
16. decide 动词 “决定”
decision 名词 “决心”
常用短语：
decide (not)to do sth. 决定（不）做某事
make a decision 做决定，下决心 如：
LiLei has decided to go to BeiJing . 李雷已经决定去北京。
I think I should make a decision for myself.我觉得我应该自己做决定。
17. deal with 处理
如：I dealt with a lot of problems.
在构成疑问句时，用how提问
如：How did you deal with the problem?
18. worry about… 担心…
=be worried about…
如：Mother worried about his son just now.
= Mother was worried about his son just now.
妈妈刚才担心他的儿子。
19. be angry with sb. 对某人生气 如：
I was angry with her. 我对她生气。
20. go by (时间) 过去
如：Two years went by. 两年过去了。
21. see sb. / sth. doing sth 看见某人正在做某事 强调正在发生
see sb. / sth. do sth 看见某人做完某事 如：
如：She saw him drawing a picture in the classroom.
她看见他正在教室里画画。
22. regard… as … 把…看作为…. 如：
The boys regarded Anna as a fool. 这些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜。
23. too many 许多 修饰可数名词复数 如：too many girls
too much 许多 修饰不可数名词 如：too much milk
much too 太 修饰形容词 如：much too beautiful
24. change… into… 将…变为…
如：The magician changed the pen into a book.
魔术师把这支笔变成了一本书。
25. with the help of sb. == with one’s help 在某人的帮助下
如：with the help of LiLei == with LiLei’s help
在李雷的帮助下
26. instead 代替，反而; 用在句末，副词（字面上常不译出来）
instead of sth. / doing sth. 代替，而不是; 用在句中，动词
如：Last summer I went to Beijing. This year I’m going to Shanghai instead.
去年夏天我去了北京, 今年我将要去上海。
I will go instead of you. 我将代替你去。
He stayed at home instead of going swimming. 他待在家而不是去游泳。
27. “做…有困难”的表达方式：
①have a hard/difficult time + with sth/ (in) doing sth
②have trouble/problems/difficulty + with sth/ (in) doing sth
如：I have a hard time with my math. 我学数学很吃力。
He had much difficulty in working out the problem. 他做这道题很困难。
28. the best way +to do sth/of doing sth 做某事的最好方法
如：I think the best way to learn English is to use it often.
= I think the best way of learning English is to use it often.
我认为学习英语最好的方法是经常运用它 |
